# ILU: Psychonovo ILU demo ## mcq True or False: A logical fallacy is a logically correct argument. ### False That's right, a logical fallacy is an error in our logical reasoning, which means that our conclusion is not valid. ### True No, a logical fallacy is an error in our logical reasoning, which means that our conclusion is not valid. ## tut Ricco (2007) outlines a series of six logical fallacies that often occur in everyday arguments. Let's start by outlining three of these fallacies which are: Argument from Ignorance, Appeal to popularity, and Irrelevance. Which of these fallacies is demonstrated by the following argument: "The use of soft drugs should be legalized in the United States because a number of our allies in Europe and Asia have legalized them"? ### Appeal to popularity Yes, in this case the argument suggests we should do something because others have done it. ### Argument from Ignorance No, that's not this one. ### Irrelevance No, that's the wrong type. ## tut How might you best argue against such an "Appeal to popularity"? ### The mere fact that others accept or do something is not an argument for the claim. Yes, this is an argument against an appeal to popularity. ### Absence of reasons against a claim is not an argument for the claim. No, this is a counter to an argument from ignorance. ### The reason does not appear to have anything to do with the claim. No, this is an argument against an irrelevant claim. ## tut A positive psychologist is studying the relationship between gratitude and happiness. They want to use a questionnaire measure of Gratitude. Can you think of an item which would be good for measuring Gratitude? ### I have so much in life to be thankful for. Yes, this item seems to reflect gratitude. ### I delay tasks beyond what is reasonable. No, this item is for measuring procrastination. ### I am well satisfied about everything in my life. No, this item is expressing satisfaction rather than gratitude. It is from a measure of happiness. ## tut Usually questionnaires contain a mixture of items to reduce response bias: some are phrased positively, and others negatively, with respect to the concept being measured. Reverse items are ones in which the scoring scale is reversed (for example from 5 to 1, instead of 1 to 5). What would be a good reverse scoring item for gratitude. ### When I look at the world, I don’t see much to be grateful for. Yes, the use of the word grateful may have been a giveaway. This is expressing a lack of gratitude so is a good reverse item for our scale. ### I don’t feel particularly pleased with the way I am. No, this is a reverse item from a happiness questionnaire. ### I spend my time wisely No, this is a reverse item from a procrastination questionnaire. ## mcq John and Ben have played squash 20 times before and John has won 8 times. What is the percentage probability of John winning their next game based on past performance? ### 40% Yes, 8 out of 20 is 40% which is our best estimate of John winning based on past performance. ### 100% No, sorry, that's wrong. ### 60% No, sorry, that's wrong. ### 80% No, sorry, that's wrong. ## tut A game of squash can be played either to 9 or 15 points. Holding all other rules of the game constant, which scoring system will give John a higher chance of winning? ### A game of 9 points Yes, John is more likely to lose in the long term, but he has a better chance of benefitting from an unusual outcome in a smaller number of games. ### A game of 15 points. No, John is more likely to lose in the long term, and the more games he plays, the more likely the result will reflect the probabilities. ### It doesn't make any difference. No, John is more likely to lose in the long term, and the more games he plays, the more likely this is to be the outcome, so his best chance is to play fewer points and hope for a fluke. ## mcq True or False: A longer game favours a stronger player. ### True Yes, because in the longer term results will tend to reflect the underlying probabilities. So longer games favour the stronger player. ### False No, the statement is true, because in the longer term results will tend to reflect the underlying probabilities. So longer games favour the stronger player. ## end That's the end of the demo, thanks for completing it.